The Australian Payments Clearing Association, in a quarterly update published by the Reserve Bank of Australia, said it was on track to meet the implementation date of 3 March 2009 for the introduction of direct charging for automatic teller machine transactions.Direct charges, which customers can avoid by not withdrawing any cash, will in most cases replace interchange payments between financial institutions. While most banks are unlikely to directly charge their own customers, they may charge customers of other banks. Independent owners of ATM fleets, notably Customers Limited, may be the main beneficiary of the change.APCA noted in its report that it is uncertain, and perhaps unlikely, that MasterCard and Visa will be in a position to implement direct charging of transactions processed over their networks by March. APCA said this would affect less than one per cent of ATM transactions, though this may be a greater percentage at smaller institutions.